Sources

We cite 391 sources across the site.

Papers link to their DOI and PubMed record wherever one exists. The last group holds the podcasts, ads and regulator notices we quote when we show where a claim travels.

Meta-analyses and systematic reviews pool many studies32

Systematic review · 2026Cardiometabolic effects of contrast therapy: A systematic reviewde Haan V, Plasqui G, Pallubinsky H. Experimental Physiology.PMID 42667694
Systematic review · 2026Passive heat intervention research in women: Systematic review and audit of female representationMee JA, Barnes O, Lawrence EJ, et al.. Experimental Physiology.PMID 42034392
Meta-analysis · 2025Effects of cold-water immersion on health and wellbeing: A systematic review and meta-analysisCain T, Brinsley J, Bennett H, et al.. PLOS ONE.PMID 39879231
Meta-analysis · 2025Non-acute effects of passive heating interventions on cardiometabolic risk and vascular health: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsHamaya R, Joyama Y, Miyata T, et al.. American Journal of Preventive Cardiology.PMID 41049507
Meta-analysis · 2025Heat thermotherapy to improve cardiovascular function and cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta‐analysisPrice BS, Lucas SJE, Akerman AP, et al.. Experimental Physiology.PMID 41166412
Systematic review · 2025A systematic appraisal of emerging alternative therapies in men’s health and wellnessYazan Qaoud, Morcos M, Macdonald M, et al.. Canadian Urological Association Journal.PMID 41406341
Systematic review · 2024Does the Wim Hof Method have a beneficial impact on physiological and psychological outcomes in healthy and non-healthy participants? A systematic reviewAlmahayni O, Hammond L. PLOS ONE.PMID 38478473
Meta-analysis · 2024Habituation of the cold shock response: A systematic review and meta-analysisBarwood MJ, Eglin C, Hills SP, et al.. Journal of Thermal Biology.PMID 38211547
Meta-analysis · 2024The effects of cold exposure (cold water immersion, whole- and partial- body cryostimulation) on cardiovascular and cardiac autonomic control responses in healthy individuals: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regressionJdidi H, Dugué B, de Bisschop C, et al.. Journal of Thermal Biology.PMID 38663342
Meta-analysis · 2024Influence of physical post‐exercise recovery techniques on vagally‐mediated heart rate variability: A systematic review and meta‐analysisLaborde S, Wanders J, Mosley E, et al.. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging.PMID 37754676
Meta-analysis · 2024Throwing cold water on muscle growth: A systematic review with meta‐analysis of the effects of postexercise cold water immersion on resistance training‐induced hypertrophyPiñero A, Burke R, Augustin F, et al.. European Journal of Sport Science.
Systematic review · 2023What Parameters Influence the Effect of Cold-Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness? An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisBatista NP, de Carvalho FA, Machado AF, et al.. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine.PMID 36399666
Meta-analysis · 2023Effects of post‐exercise cold‐water immersion on resistance training‐induced gains in muscular strength: a meta‐analysisGrgic J. European Journal of Sport Science.PMID 35068365
Meta-analysis · 2023Effects of Cold-Water Immersion Compared with Other Recovery Modalities on Athletic Performance Following Acute Strenuous Exercise in Physically Active Participants: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-RegressionMoore E, Fuller JT, Bellenger CR, et al.. Sports Medicine.PMID 36527593
Meta-analysis · 2022The effect of cold water immersion on the recovery of physical performance revisited: A systematic review with meta-analysisChoo HC, Lee M, Yeo V, et al.. Journal of Sports Sciences.PMID 36862831
Meta-analysis · 2022Impact of Cold-Water Immersion Compared with Passive Recovery Following a Single Bout of Strenuous Exercise on Athletic Performance in Physically Active Participants: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis and Meta-regressionMoore E, Fuller JT, Buckley JD, et al.. Sports Medicine.PMID 35157264
Meta-analysis · 2021The Effects of Regular Cold-Water Immersion Use on Training-Induced Changes in Strength and Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-AnalysisMalta ES, Dutra YM, Broatch JR, et al.. Sports Medicine.PMID 33146851
Meta-analysis · 2021The effect of heat therapy on blood pressure and peripheral vascular function: A systematic review and meta‐analysisPizzey FK, Smith EC, Ruediger SL, et al.. Experimental Physiology.PMID 33866630
Meta-analysis · 2021Heat therapy shows benefit in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysisSebők J, Édel Z, Váncsa S, et al.. International Journal of Hyperthermia.PMID 34808071
Meta-analysis · 2020Effects of passive heating intervention on muscle hypertrophy and neuromuscular function: A preliminary systematic review with meta-analysisRodrigues P, Trajano GS, Wharton L, et al.. Journal of Thermal Biology.PMID 33077110
Meta-analysis · 2019Before-bedtime passive body heating by warm shower or bath to improve sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysisHaghayegh S, Khoshnevis S, Smolensky MH, et al.. Sleep Medicine Reviews.PMID 31102877
Systematic review · 2019Heat stress and fetal risk. Environmental limits for exercise and passive heat stress during pregnancy: a systematic review with best evidence synthesisRavanelli N, Casasola W, English T, et al.. British Journal of Sports Medicine.PMID 29496695
Systematic review · 2018Clinical Effects of Regular Dry Sauna Bathing: A Systematic ReviewHussain J, Cohen M. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.PMID 29849692
Meta-analysis · 2018Effects of sauna bath on heart failure: A systematic review and meta‐analysisKällström M, Soveri I, Oldgren J, et al.. Clinical Cardiology.PMID 30239008
Systematic review · 2017Heated, humidified air for the common coldSingh M, Singh M, Jaiswal N, et al.. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.PMID 28849871
Meta-analysis · 2016Can Water Temperature and Immersion Time Influence the Effect of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness? A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisMachado AF, Ferreira PH, Micheletti JK, et al.. Sports Medicine.PMID 26581833
Meta-analysis · 2015The Effect of Post-Exercise Cryotherapy on Recovery Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisHohenauer E, Taeymans J, Baeyens JP, et al.. PLOS ONE.PMID 26413718
Meta-analysis · 2013Contrast Water Therapy and Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisBieuzen F, Bleakley CM, Costello JT. PLoS ONE.PMID 23626806
Systematic review · 2012Cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exerciseBleakley C, McDonough S, Gardner E, et al.. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.PMID 22336838
Systematic review · 2012Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in Sweat: A Systematic ReviewSears ME, Kerr KJ, Bray RI. Journal of Environmental and Public Health.PMID 22505948
Systematic review · 2009Far-infrared saunas for treatment of cardiovascular risk factors: summary of published evidenceBeever R. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien.PMID 19602651
Meta-analysis · 2005Maternal Hyperthermia and the Risk for Neural Tube Defects in OffspringMoretti ME, Bar-Oz B, Fried S, et al.. Epidemiology.PMID 15703536

Trials assigned people to a treatment168

Clinical trial · 2026Whole-blood transcriptomic response to whole-body hyperthermia in participants with major depressive disorderAkonom TN, Allen MA, Begay TK, et al.. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health.PMID 42004495
Clinical trial · 2026Heated yoga thaws depressionCopeland DI, Mac Giollabhui N, Foster S, et al.. Journal of Affective Disorders.PMID 41850611
Randomized trial · 2026The effect of breathing exercises and mindset with or without cold exposure on mental and physical health in persons with a spinal cord injury—Results of a randomized controlled trialde Groot S, Ettema FW, van der Bijll M, et al.. Clinical Rehabilitation.PMID 41810770
Randomized trial · 2026Contrast Heat–Cold Versus Thermoneutral Showering in Trained Combat Sport Athletes: A Randomized Field Trial of Recovery OutcomesHagner-Derengowska M, Trybulski R, Kruk J, et al.. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine.PMID 42713556
Clinical trial · 2026Acute Finnish sauna heat exposure induces stronger immune cell than cytokine responsesHeinonen IH, Koivula T, Hollmén M, et al.. Temperature.PMID 42282896
Clinical trial · 2026Far‐infrared sauna exposure at 65°C elevates core temperatureJenkins EJ, Killick JA, Grimm SR, et al.. Experimental Physiology.PMID 42533687
Randomized trial · 2026Improved Mood Following Cold‐Water Immersion: A Comparison of Differing Exposure DurationsKelly JS, Davidson N, Delaney JP. Lifestyle Medicine.
Clinical trial · 2026Temperature and humidity independently influence thermoregulatory responses during Finnish sauna bathingLaatikainen-Raussi I, Mikkola T, Ihalainen JK, et al.. Temperature.PMID 42694940
Randomized trial · 2026Regular Cold‐Water Immersion Following HIIT Does Not Affect Intramuscular Adaptation Markers, Inflammatory Profile or Endurance PerformanceMalta ES, Neto JCR, Beck WR, et al.. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports.PMID 41742004
Clinical trial · 2026Cardiac arrhythmia during cold-water immersion: a self-controlled field study with extended rhythm monitoringMerkt B, Craviari C, Baggish AL, et al.. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness.PMID 42100593
Crossover trial · 2026Thermal and cardiovascular responses to sauna are attenuated by adding cold water immersion to cooling breaksOwen TF, Giles CJ, Leaney SF, et al.. Experimental Physiology.PMID 42390474
Crossover trial · 2026Effect of repeated hot water immersion on muscle strength, power, function and physical activity in healthy older adults: A randomised crossover trialPiccolo DD, Corbett J, Exell TA, et al.. Experimental Physiology.PMID 42010888
Clinical trial · 2026A Four‐Day Cold Shower Protocol Does Not Increase Salivary Testosterone in a Small Cohort of Male Athletes: A Research CommunicationTraylor DA, Nunes EA, Lees MJ, et al.. Health Science Reports.PMID 42064114
Clinical trial · 2025Effects of repeated use of post-exercise infrared sauna on neuromuscular performance and muscle hypertrophyAhokas EK, Hanstock HG, Kyröläinen H, et al.. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living.PMID 40104529
Crossover trial · 2025Comparison of thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and immune responses to different passive heat therapy modalitiesAtencio JK, Reed EL, Wiedenfeld Needham K, et al.. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology.PMID 40332494
Crossover trial · 2025Effects of time-of-day on the noradrenaline, adrenaline, cortisol and blood lipidome response to an ice bathBraunsperger A, Bauer M, Brahim CB, et al.. Scientific Reports.PMID 39779795
Randomized trial · 2025Eight weeks of post‐exercise local heating does not improve cognition and plasma brain‐derived neurotrophic factor concentrationsCheng JL, Coombs GB, Pizzola C, et al.. Experimental Physiology.PMID 41389004
Crossover trial · 2025Effects of cold-water immersion on energy expenditure, ad-libitum energy intake and appetite in healthy adultsGrigg MJ, Thake CD, Allgrove JE, et al.. Physiology & Behavior.PMID 40221072
Randomized trial · 2025No effect of either heat therapy or aerobic exercise training on blood pressure in adults with untreated hypertension: a randomized clinical trialKaiser BW, Comrada LN, Gibson BM, et al.. Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 40407037
Clinical trial · 2025Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trialLee E, Ketelhut S, Wiklund P, et al.. Physiological Reports.PMID 40611569
Randomized trial · 2025A Randomized Trial Testing a Novel Mind and Body Intervention for Depression: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Whole-Body Hyperthermia (WBH)Mason AE, Hartogensis W, Chowdhary A, et al.. Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health.PMID 41146956
Randomized trial · 2025OUTSIDE: OUTdoor Swimming as a nature-based Intervention for DEpression: a feasibility randomised controlled trialMassey H, Denton H, Burlingham A, et al.. Mental Health and Physical Activity.
Clinical trial · 2025Muscle temperature increases during a single far infrared sauna session without changes in intestinal temperatureReed EL, Uzoekwe CC, Atencio JK, et al.. Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 40331900
Randomized trial · 2025Post‐exercise hot water immersion enhances haemodynamic and vascular benefits of exercise without further improving cardiorespiratory fitness, glucose, lipids or inflammationSteward CJ, Hill M, Menzies C, et al.. The Journal of Physiology.PMID 40719540
Clinical trial · 2025Single immersion in cold water below 4 °C: A health hazard in young healthy men?Teległów A, Cicha I. PLOS One.PMID 40408371
Randomized trial · 2024A randomized controlled clinical trial of a Wim Hof Method intervention in women with high depressive symptomsBlades R, Mendes WB, Don BP, et al.. Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology.PMID 39606690
Crossover trial · 2024Mechanism involved of post-exercise cold water immersion: Blood redistribution and increase in energy expenditure during rewarmingGiraud D, Pomportes L, Nicol C, et al.. Temperature.PMID 38846524
Clinical trial · 2024Cold water swimming as an add-on treatment for depression: a feasibility studyHjorth P, Rasmussen MRV. European Psychiatry.
Clinical trial · 2024The vascular response to acute sauna heating is similar in young and middle-aged adultsLeach OK, Strong K, Mack GW, et al.. Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 38271083
Clinical trial · 2024The antidepressant effect of whole-body hyperthermia is associated with the classical interleukin-6 signaling pathwayMac Giollabhui N, Lowry CA, Nyer M, et al.. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.PMID 39848840
Clinical trial · 2024Feasibility and acceptability of an integrated mind-body intervention for depression: whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)Mason AE, Chowdhary A, Hartogensis W, et al.. International Journal of Hyperthermia.PMID 38743265
Crossover trial · 2024A Single Sauna Session Does Not Improve Postprandial Blood Glucose Handling in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Over, Randomized, Controlled TrialSchenaarts L, Hendriks FK, Fuchs CJ, et al.. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes.PMID 39209309
Clinical trial · 2024Cold acclimation with shivering improves metabolic health in adults with overweight or obesitySellers AJ, van Beek SMM, Hashim D, et al.. Nature Metabolism.PMID 39643644
Crossover trial · 2023A post-exercise infrared sauna session improves recovery of neuromuscular performance and muscle soreness after resistance exercise trainingAhokas EK, Ihalainen J, Hanstock HG, et al.. Biology of Sport.PMID 37398966
Crossover trial · 2023Post-exercise, passive heat acclimation with sauna or hot-water immersion provide comparable adaptations to performance in the heat in a military contextAshworth E, Cotter J, Kilding A. Ergonomics.PMID 35332846
Randomized trial · 2023Finnish sauna bathing and vascular health of adults with coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trialDebray A, Gravel H, Garceau L, et al.. Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 37650138
Randomized trial · 2023The positive effects of combined breathing techniques and cold exposure on perceived stress: a randomised trialKopplin CS, Rosenthal L. Current Psychology.PMID 36248220
Crossover trial · 2023Hot water immersion acutely reduces peripheral glucose uptake in young healthy males: An exploratory crossover randomized controlled trialMaley MJ, Hunt AP, Stewart IB, et al.. Temperature.PMID 38130658
Randomized trial · 2023A Randomized Controlled Trial of Community-Delivered Heated Hatha Yoga for Moderate-to-Severe DepressionNyer MB, Hopkins LB, Nagaswami M, et al.. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.PMID 37883245
Clinical trial · 2023The effects of a single and a series of Finnish sauna sessions on the immune response and HSP-70 levels in trained and untrained menPilch W, Szarek M, Olga CL, et al.. International Journal of Hyperthermia.PMID 36813265
Clinical trial · 2023Cardiovascular and mood responses to an acute bout of cold water immersionReed EL, Chapman CL, Whittman EK, et al.. Journal of Thermal Biology.PMID 37866096
Clinical trial · 2023Short-Term Head-Out Whole-Body Cold-Water Immersion Facilitates Positive Affect and Increases Interaction between Large-Scale Brain NetworksYankouskaya A, Williamson R, Stacey C, et al.. Biology.PMID 36829490
Crossover trial · 2022Acute effect of passive heat exposure on markers of cardiometabolic function in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitusBehzadi P, Ravanelli N, Gravel H, et al.. Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 35323077
Clinical trial · 2022Effect of rapid weight loss incorporating hot salt water immersion on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in male mixed martial arts athletesConnor J, Germaine M, Gibson C, et al.. European Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 35833967
Crossover trial · 2022Infrared sauna as exercise-mimetic? Physiological responses to infrared sauna vs exercise in healthy women: A randomized controlled crossover trialHussain JN, Cohen MM, Mantri N, et al.. Complementary Therapies in Medicine.PMID 34954348
Randomized trial · 2022No effects of a 4-week post-exercise sauna bathing on targeted gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function, and hsCRP in healthy men: a pilot randomized controlled trialKarolkiewicz J, Nieman DC, Cisoń T, et al.. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation.PMID 35710395
Clinical trial · 2022Improved mood following a single immersion in cold waterKelly JS, Bird E. Lifestyle Medicine.
Crossover trial · 2022Excretion of Ni, Pb, Cu, As, and Hg in Sweat under Two Sweating ConditionsKuan WH, Chen YL, Liu CL. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.PMID 35410004
Randomized trial · 2022Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trialLee E, Kolunsarka I, Kostensalo J, et al.. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology.PMID 35785965
Crossover trial · 2022Acute Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise While Wearing a Sauna Suit on Energy Expenditure and Excess Post-exercise Oxygen ConsumptionMatthews ARD, Astorino TA, Crocker GH, et al.. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research.PMID 33009353
Clinical trial · 2022Physiological Response to Thermal Stress in Obese vs. Non-Obese Physically Inactive MenPodstawski R, Borysławski K, Pomianowski A, et al.. Biology.PMID 35336845
Crossover trial · 2022Hematological Adaptations to Post-Exercise Sauna Bathing With No Fluid Intake: A Randomized Cross-Over StudySitkowski D, Cisoń T, Szygula Z, et al.. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport.PMID 34727008
Randomized trial · 2022The Effects of Cold Exposure Training and a Breathing Exercise on the Inflammatory Response in Humans: A Pilot StudyZwaag J, Naaktgeboren R, van Herwaarden AE, et al.. Psychosomatic Medicine.PMID 35213875
Randomized trial · 20213-Week passive acclimation to extreme environmental heat (100± 3 °C) in dry sauna increases physical and physiological performance among young semi-professional football playersBartolomé I, Siquier-Coll J, Pérez-Quintero M, et al.. Journal of Thermal Biology.PMID 34503795
Crossover trial · 2021Effect of the Depth of Cold Water Immersion on Sleep Architecture and Recovery Among Well-Trained Male Endurance RunnersChauvineau M, Pasquier F, Guyot V, et al.. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living.PMID 33870188
Crossover trial · 2021Residual effects of short-term whole-body cold-water immersion on the cytokine profile, white blood cell count, and blood markers of stressEimonte M, Paulauskas H, Daniuseviciute L, et al.. International Journal of Hyperthermia.PMID 33910456
Crossover trial · 2021Timing of acute passive heating on glucose tolerance and blood pressure in people with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, balanced crossover, control trialJames TJ, Corbett J, Cummings M, et al.. Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 33411640
Clinical trial · 2021Intermittent post-exercise sauna bathing improves markers of exercise capacity in hot and temperate conditions in trained middle-distance runnersKirby NV, Lucas SJE, Armstrong OJ, et al.. European Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 33211153
Randomized trial · 2021Randomized controlled trial of bikram yoga and aerobic exercise for depression in women: Efficacy and stress-based mechanismsLa Rocque CL, Mazurka R, Stuckless TJ, et al.. Journal of Affective Disorders.PMID 33242717
Clinical trial · 2021Six weeks of localized heat therapy does not affect muscle mass, strength and contractile properties in healthy active humansLabidi M, Ihsan M, Behan FP, et al.. European Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 33159573
Clinical trial · 2021Feasibility and acceptability of a Whole-Body hyperthermia (WBH) protocolMason AE, Fisher SM, Chowdhary A, et al.. International Journal of Hyperthermia.PMID 34674592
Crossover trial · 2021Serum and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration are elevated by systemic but not local passive heatingOgawa T, Hoekstra SP, Kamijo YI, et al.. PLOS ONE.PMID 34882699
Clinical trial · 2021Endocrine Effects of Repeated Hot Thermal Stress and Cold Water Immersion in Young Adult MenPodstawski R, Borysławski K, Pomianowski A, et al.. American Journal of Men's Health.PMID 33845653
Clinical trial · 2021Metabolic responses to mild cold acclimation in type 2 diabetes patientsRemie CME, Moonen MPB, Roumans KHM, et al.. Nature Communications.PMID 33750795
Clinical trial · 2021Effects of Twelve Sessions of High-Temperature Sauna Baths on Body Composition in Healthy Young MenToro V, Siquier-Coll J, Bartolomé I, et al.. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.PMID 33922289
Crossover trial · 2020Impact of Finnish sauna bathing on circulating markers of inflammation in healthy middle-aged and older adults: A crossover studyBehzadi P, Gravel H, Neagoe PE, et al.. Complementary Therapies in Medicine.PMID 32951736
Clinical trial · 2020Effects of repeated local heat therapy on skeletal muscle structure and function in humansKim K, Reid BA, Casey CA, et al.. Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 31971474
Clinical trial · 2020Mood and well‐being of novice open water swimmers and controls during an introductory outdoor swimming programme: A feasibility studyMassey H, Kandala N, Davis C, et al.. Lifestyle Medicine.
Randomized trial · 2020Effects and feasibility of hyperthermic baths in comparison to exercise as add-on treatment to usual care in depression: a randomised, controlled pilot studyNaumann J, Kruza I, Denkel L, et al.. BMC Psychiatry.PMID 33176757
Clinical trial · 2020Passive exposure to heat improves glucose metabolism in overweight humansPallubinsky H, Phielix E, Dautzenberg B, et al.. Acta Physiologica.PMID 32359193
Clinical trial · 2020Acute Neuromuscular and Hormonal Responses to Different Exercise Loadings Followed by a SaunaRissanen JA, Häkkinen A, Laukkanen J, et al.. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.PMID 31490429
Crossover trial · 2019Cold-water immersion blunts and delays increases in circulating testosterone and cytokines post-resistance exerciseEarp JE, Hatfield DL, Sherman A, et al.. European Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 31222379
Clinical trial · 2019Heat therapy improves glucose tolerance and adipose tissue insulin signaling in polycystic ovary syndromeEly BR, Clayton ZS, McCurdy CE, et al.. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism.PMID 31136202
Randomized trial · 2019Cold water immersion attenuates anabolic signaling and skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not strength gain, following whole-body resistance trainingFyfe JJ, Broatch JR, Trewin AJ, et al.. Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 31513450
Crossover trial · 2019Acute effect of Finnish sauna bathing on brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation and reactive hyperemia in healthy middle‐aged and older adultsGravel H, Coombs GB, Behzadi P, et al.. Physiological Reports.PMID 31293098
Clinical trial · 2019Daily heat treatment maintains mitochondrial function and attenuates atrophy in human skeletal muscle subjected to immobilizationHafen PS, Abbott K, Bowden J, et al.. Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 31046520
Randomized trial · 2019Passive heat therapy in sedentary humans increases skeletal muscle capillarization and eNOS content but not mitochondrial density or GLUT4 contentHesketh K, Shepherd SO, Strauss JA, et al.. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology.PMID 31074654
Clinical trial · 2019The blood pressure and heart rate during sauna bath correspond to cardiac responses during submaximal dynamic exerciseKetelhut S, Ketelhut R. Complementary Therapies in Medicine.PMID 31126559
Clinical trial · 2019Recovery from sauna bathing favorably modulates cardiac autonomic nervous systemLaukkanen T, Lipponen J, Kunutsor SK, et al.. Complementary Therapies in Medicine.PMID 31331560
Clinical trial · 2018Repeated exposure to heat stress induces mitochondrial adaptation in human skeletal muscleHafen PS, Preece CN, Sorensen JR, et al.. Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 30024339
Crossover trial · 2018Acute and chronic effects of hot water immersion on inflammation and metabolism in sedentary, overweight adultsHoekstra SP, Bishop NC, Faulkner SH, et al.. Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 30335579
Crossover trial · 2018Head-out immersion in hot water increases serum BDNF in healthy malesKojima D, Nakamura T, Banno M, et al.. International Journal of Hyperthermia.PMID 29157042
Clinical trial · 2018Short-term effects of Finnish sauna bathing on blood-based markers of cardiovascular function in non-naive sauna usersKunutsor SK, Häkkinen A, Zaccardi F, et al.. Heart and Vessels.PMID 29971466
Clinical trial · 2018Acute effects of sauna bathing on cardiovascular functionLaukkanen T, Kunutsor SK, Zaccardi F, et al.. Journal of Human Hypertension.PMID 29269746
Clinical trial · 2018Sauna exposure leads to improved arterial compliance: Findings from a non-randomised experimental studyLee E, Laukkanen T, Kunutsor SK, et al.. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.PMID 29048215
Randomized trial · 2018Sleep quantity and quality during consecutive day heat training with the inclusion of cold-water immersion recoverySkein M, Wingfield G, Gale R, et al.. Journal of Thermal Biology.PMID 29801652
Clinical trial · 2018No clear benefit of muscle heating on hypertrophy and strength with resistance trainingStadnyk AMJ, Rehrer NJ, Handcock PJ, et al.. Temperature.PMID 30393753
Crossover trial · 2017The effect of passive heating on heat shock protein 70 and interleukin-6: A possible treatment tool for metabolic diseases?Faulkner SH, Jackson S, Fatania G, et al.. Temperature.PMID 28944271
Clinical trial · 2017Neurohumoral Modulation During Waon Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure ― Subanalysis of Waon-CHF Study ―Ichiki T, Burnett Jr JC, Scott CG, et al.. Circulation Journal.PMID 28202884
Clinical trial · 2016Passive heat therapy improves endothelial function, arterial stiffness and blood pressure in sedentary humansBrunt VE, Howard MJ, Francisco MA, et al.. The Journal of Physiology.PMID 27270841
Randomized trial · 2016The Effect of Cold Showering on Health and Work: A Randomized Controlled TrialBuijze GA, Sierevelt IN, van der Heijden BCJM, et al.. PLOS ONE.PMID 27631616
Randomized trial · 2016Whole-Body Hyperthermia for the Treatment of Major Depressive DisorderJanssen CW, Lowry CA, Mehl MR, et al.. JAMA Psychiatry.PMID 27172277
Clinical trial · 2016Acute effects of Finnish sauna and cold-water immersion on haemodynamic variables and autonomic nervous system activity in patients with heart failureRadtke T, Poerschke D, Wilhelm M, et al.. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.PMID 26152773
Randomized trial · 2016Waon Therapy for Managing Chronic Heart Failure – Results From a Multicenter Prospective Randomized WAON-CHF Study –Tei C, Imamura T, Kinugawa K, et al.. Circulation Journal.PMID 27001189
Clinical trial · 2015Short-term cold acclimation improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusHanssen MJW, Hoeks J, Brans B, et al.. Nature Medicine.PMID 26147760
Randomized trial · 2015Efficacy of Regular Sauna Bathing for Chronic Tension-Type Headache: A Randomized Controlled StudyKanji G, Weatherall M, Peter R, et al.. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine.PMID 25636135
Crossover trial · 2015Effects of far-infrared sauna bathing on recovery from strength and endurance training sessions in menMero A, Tornberg J, Mäntykoski M, et al.. SpringerPlus.PMID 26180741
Randomized trial · 2015Post‐exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signalling and long‐term adaptations in muscle to strength trainingRoberts LA, Raastad T, Markworth JF, et al.. The Journal of Physiology.PMID 26174323
Clinical trial · 2015Effect of sauna-based heat acclimation on plasma volume and heart rate variabilityStanley J, Halliday A, D’Auria S, et al.. European Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 25432420
Clinical trial · 2015Effect of transient scrotal hyperthermia on sperm parameters, seminal plasma biochemical markers, and oxidative stress in menXia W, Rao M, Zhao XL, et al.. Asian Journal of Andrology.PMID 25652627
Clinical trial · 2014Increased Brown Adipose Tissue Oxidative Capacity in Cold-Acclimated HumansBlondin DP, Labbé SM, Tingelstad HC, et al.. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.PMID 24423363
Randomized trial · 2014Voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system and attenuation of the innate immune response in humansKox M, van Eijk LT, Zwaag J, et al.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.PMID 24799686
Clinical trial · 2014Sauna-Induced Body Mass Loss in Young Sedentary Women and MenPodstawski R, Boraczyński T, Boraczyński M, et al.. The Scientific World Journal.PMID 25614882
Clinical trial · 2014A Controlled Trial to Determine the Efficacy of Red and Near-Infrared Light Treatment in Patient Satisfaction, Reduction of Fine Lines, Wrinkles, Skin Roughness, and Intradermal Collagen Density IncreaseWunsch A, Matuschka K. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery.PMID 24286286
Clinical trial · 2013Seminal and molecular evidence that sauna exposure affects human spermatogenesisGarolla A, Torino M, Sartini B, et al.. Human Reproduction.PMID 23411620
Randomized trial · 2013Hyperthermia by bathing in a hot spring improves cardiovascular functions and reduces the production of inflammatory cytokines in patients with chronic heart failureOyama JI, Kudo Y, Maeda T, et al.. Heart and Vessels.PMID 22231540
Clinical trial · 2013Effect of a Single Finnish Sauna Session on White Blood Cell Profile and Cortisol Levels in Athletes and Non-AthletesPilch W, Pokora I, Szyguła Z, et al.. Journal of Human Kinetics.PMID 24511348
Crossover trial · 2013Effect of Evening Postexercise Cold Water Immersion on Subsequent SleepRobey E, Dawson B, Halson S, et al.. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.PMID 23377833
Clinical trial · 2013Cold acclimation recruits human brown fat and increases nonshivering thermogenesisvan der Lans AA, Hoeks J, Brans B, et al.. Journal of Clinical Investigation.PMID 23867626
Randomized trial · 2013Recruited brown adipose tissue as an antiobesity agent in humansYoneshiro T, Aita S, Matsushita M, et al.. Journal of Clinical Investigation.PMID 23867622
Crossover trial · 2012Effects of Sauna Alone and Postexercise Sauna Baths on Blood Pressure and Hemodynamic Variables in Patients With Untreated HypertensionGayda M, Paillard F, Sosner P, et al.. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension.PMID 22863164
Crossover trial · 2012Heat Stress and Cardiovascular, Hormonal, and Heat Shock Proteins in HumansIguchi M, Littmann AE, Chang SH, et al.. Journal of Athletic Training.PMID 22488284
Clinical trial · 2011Surface contamination artificially elevates initial sweat mineral concentrationsEly MR, Kenefick RW, Cheuvront SN, et al.. Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 21512152
Clinical trial · 2011Responses of muscle mass, strength and gene transcripts to long-term heat stress in healthy human subjectsGoto K, Oda H, Kondo H, et al.. European Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 20803152
Randomized trial · 2010Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy alone or with regional hyperthermia for localised high-risk soft-tissue sarcoma: a randomised phase 3 multicentre studyIssels RD, Lindner LH, Verweij J, et al.. The Lancet Oncology.PMID 20434400
Randomized trial · 2010Visiting a sauna: does inhaling hot dry air reduce common cold symptoms? A randomised controlled trialPach D, Knöchel B, Lüdtke R, et al.. Medical Journal of Australia.PMID 21143077
Clinical trial · 2009Waon therapy improves the prognosis of patients with chronic heart failureKihara T, Miyata M, Fukudome T, et al.. Journal of Cardiology.PMID 19304125
Clinical trial · 2009Infrared sauna in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitisOosterveld FGJ, Rasker JJ, Floors M, et al.. Clinical Rheumatology.PMID 18685882
Clinical trial · 2009Cold-Activated Brown Adipose Tissue in Healthy Menvan Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulders NM, et al.. New England Journal of Medicine.PMID 19357405
Clinical trial · 2008Neuronal Source of Plasma DopamineGoldstein DS, Holmes C. Clinical Chemistry.PMID 18801936
Clinical trial · 2008Effect of Regular Sauna on Epidermal Barrier Function and Stratum Corneum Water-Holding Capacity in vivo in Humans: A Controlled StudyKowatzki D, Macholdt C, Krull K, et al.. Dermatology.PMID 18525205
Clinical trial · 2008Effects of long‐term whole‐body cold exposures on plasma concentrations of ACTH, beta‐endorphin, cortisol, catecholamines and cytokines in healthy femalesLeppäluoto J, Westerlund T, Huttunen P, et al.. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation.PMID 18382932
Randomized trial · 2008Beneficial effects of Waon therapy on patients with chronic heart failure: Results of a prospective multicenter studyMiyata M, Kihara T, Kubozono T, et al.. Journal of Cardiology.PMID 18922381
Clinical trial · 2008Infrared Radiation-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase in Human Skin: Implications for ProtectionSchroeder P, Lademann J, Darvin ME, et al.. Journal of Investigative Dermatology.PMID 18449210
Randomized trial · 2007Growth hormone response to different consecutive stress stimuli in healthy men: Is there any difference?Jezova D, Radikova Z, Vigas M. Stress.PMID 17514589
Crossover trial · 2007Effect of post-exercise sauna bathing on the endurance performance of competitive male runnersScoon GS, Hopkins WG, Mayhew S, et al.. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport.PMID 16877041
Clinical trial · 2006Regulation of type I procollagen and MMP-1 expression after single or repeated exposure to infrared radiation in human skinKim MS, Kim YK, Cho KH, et al.. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development.PMID 17067654
Randomized trial · 2005Repeated cold showers as a method of habituating humans to the initial responses to cold water immersionEglin CM, Tipton MJ. European Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 15778892
Randomized trial · 2005Acute cooling of the feet and the onset of common cold symptomsJohnson C, Eccles R. Family Practice.PMID 16286463
Clinical trial · 2005The Effects of Repeated Thermal Therapy for Patients with Chronic PainMasuda A, Koga Y, Hattanmaru M, et al.. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics.PMID 16088266
Randomized trial · 2005Repeated Thermal Therapy Diminishes Appetite Loss and Subjective Complaints in Mildly Depressed PatientsMasuda A, Nakazato M, Kihara T, et al.. Psychosomatic Medicine.PMID 16046381
Clinical trial · 2004Winter swimming improves general well-beingHuttunen P, Kokko L, Ylijukuri V. International Journal of Circumpolar Health.PMID 15253480
Clinical trial · 2002Repeated sauna treatment improves vascular endothelial and cardiac function in patients with chronic heart failureKihara T, Biro S, Imamura M, et al.. Journal of the American College of Cardiology.PMID 11869837
Clinical trial · 2002Metabolism and Kinetics of Bisphenol A in Humans at Low Doses Following Oral AdministrationVölkel W, Colnot T, Csanády GA, et al.. Chemical Research in Toxicology.PMID 12387626
Clinical trial · 2000Human physiological responses to immersion into water of different temperaturesŠrámek P, Šimečková M, Janský L, et al.. European Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 10751106
Clinical trial · 2000Permanence of the habituation of the initial responses to cold-water immersion in humansTipton MJ, Mekjavic IB, Eglin CM. European Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 11072768
Randomized trial · 2000Comparison of radiotherapy alone with radiotherapy plus hyperthermia in locally advanced pelvic tumours: a prospective, randomised, multicentre trialvan der Zee J, González D, van Rhoon GC, et al.. The Lancet.PMID 10791373
Clinical trial · 1999Sauna-induced myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery diseaseGiannetti N, Juneau M, Arsenault A, et al.. The American Journal of Medicine.PMID 10492315
Clinical trial · 1999Sources and Physiological Significance of Plasma Dopamine SulfateGoldstein DS, Swoboda KJ, Miles JM, et al.. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.PMID 10404831
Clinical trial · 1998Effects of sauna on sperm movement characteristics of normal men measured by computer‐assisted sperm analysisSaikhun, Kitiyanant, Vanadurongwan, et al.. International Journal of Andrology.PMID 9972494
Clinical trial · 1998Temperature dependence of habituation of the initial responses to cold-water immersionTipton MJ, Golden FSC, Higenbottam C, et al.. European Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 9721005
Clinical trial · 1996Changes in thermal homeostasis in humans due to repeated cold water immersionsJanský L, Janáková H, Uličný B, et al.. Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology.PMID 8765994
Clinical trial · 1996Immune system of cold-exposed and cold-adapted humansJanský L, Pospíšilová D, Honzová S, et al.. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.PMID 8925815
Clinical trial · 1996Change in sympathetic activity, cardiovascular functions and plasma hormone concentrations due to cold water immersion in menJanský L, Šrámek P, Šavlíková J, et al.. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.PMID 8891513
Clinical trial · 1995Acute Hemodynamic Improvement by Thermal Vasodilation in Congestive Heart FailureTei C, Horikiri Y, Park JC, et al.. Circulation.PMID 7743620
Clinical trial · 1994Sex differences in endocrine response to hyperthermia in saunaJežová D, Kvetňanský R, Vigaš M. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica.PMID 8010136
Clinical trial · 1994Effects of the Sauna on Diffusing Capacity, Pulmonary Function and Cardiac Output in Healthy SubjectsKiss D, Popp W, Wagner C, et al.. Respiration.PMID 8008993
Clinical trial · 1994Does Thermal Stress Decrease Uterine Blood Flow in Hypertensive Pregnancies?Pirhonen J, Vähä-Eskeli K, Seppänen A, et al.. American Journal of Perinatology.PMID 7993506
Clinical trial · 1992Alcohol and sauna bathing: effects on cardiac rhythm, blood pressure, and serum electrolyte and cortisol concentrationsRoine R, Luurila OJ, Suokas A, et al.. Journal of Internal Medicine.PMID 1588256
Clinical trial · 1991Lead in sweat and its relationship to salivary and urinary levels in normal healthy subjects1Omokhodion F, Crockford G. The Science of The Total Environment.PMID 1882227
Clinical trial · 1991Sweat lead levels in persons with high blood lead levels: experimental elevation of blood lead by ingestion of lead chlorideOmokhodion FO, Crockford GW. Science of The Total Environment.PMID 1754878
Clinical trial · 1991The effect of short-term heat stress on uterine contractility, fetal heart rate and fetal movements at late pregnancyVähä-Eskeli K, Erkkola R. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology.PMID 1988331
Clinical trial · 1991Doppler Flow Measurement of Uterine and Umbilical Arteries in Heat Stress During Late PregnancyVähä-Eskeli K, Pirhonen J, Seppänen A, et al.. American Journal of Perinatology.PMID 1814302
Clinical trial · 1991Haemodynamic Response to Moderate Thermal Stress in PregnancyVähä-Eskeli KK, Erkkola RU, Seppänen A, et al.. Annals of Medicine.PMID 2069788
Clinical trial · 1990Regular Sauna Bathing and the Incidence of Common ColdsErnst E, Pecho E, Wirz P, et al.. Annals of Medicine.PMID 2248758
Clinical trial · 1990A portable digital data recorder for long-term monitoring of scrotal temperaturesJockenhövel F, Gräwe A, Nieschlag E. Fertility and Sterility.PMID 2209892
Clinical trial · 1989Sauna to transiently improve pulmonary function in patients with obstructive lung diseaseCox NJ, Oostendorp GM, Folgering HT, et al.. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.PMID 2596966
Crossover trial · 1989Sauna, shower, and ice water immersion. Physiological responses to brief exposures to heat, cool, and cold. Part I. Body fluid balanceKauppinen K. Arctic medical research.PMID 2736001
Clinical trial · 1989Sauna, shower, and ice water immersion. Physiological responses to brief exposures to heat, cool, and cold. Part II. CirculationKauppinen K. Arctic medical research.PMID 2736002
Clinical trial · 1989Some endocrine responses to sauna, shower and ice water immersionKauppinen K, Pajari-Backas M, Volin P, et al.. Arctic medical research.PMID 2789570
Clinical trial · 1989Haemodynamic and hormonal responses to heat exposure in a Finnish sauna bathKukkonen-Harjula K, Oja P, Laustiola K, et al.. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.PMID 2759081
Clinical trial · 1989Free fatty acids and sterols in human eccrine sweatTakemura T, Wertz P, Sato K. British Journal of Dermatology.PMID 2638916
Clinical trial · 1987Heat Exposure Elevates Plasma Immunoreactive Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Levels in Man*Leppäluoto J, Tapanainen P, Knip M. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.PMID 3117831
Clinical trial · 1986Increased uptake of transdermal glyceryl trinitrate during physical exercise and during high ambient temperatureBarkve TF, Langseth-Manrique K, Bredesen JE, et al.. American Heart Journal.PMID 3092610
Clinical trial · 1986Endocrine effects of repeated sauna bathingLeppäluoto J, Huttunen P, Hirvonen J, et al.. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica.PMID 3788622
Clinical trial · 1986Some cardiovascular and metabolic effects of repeated sauna bathingLeppäluoto J, Tuominen M, Väänänen A, et al.. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica.PMID 3766176
Clinical trial · 1985Night-time sleep EEG changes following body heating in a warm bathHorne J, Reid A. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology.PMID 2578367
Clinical trial · 1984The Effect of a Single Sauna Exposure on SpermatozoaBrown-woodman PDC, Post EJ, Gass GC, et al.. Archives of Andrology.PMID 6476971

Cohort studies followed people for years50

Dataset · 2026Rosacea Triggers SurveyNational Rosacea Society. National Rosacea Society.
Dataset · 2026Drowning FactsUS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Cross-sectional study · 2025Inverted “u-shaped” association of cold-water immersion frequency with mental health and upper respiratory tract infection: a cross-sectional studyCzarnecki J, Mokros Ł. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health.PMID 41127868
Cross-sectional study · 2025Assessment of arrhythmias and heart rate response in healthy adolescents performing face immersion and body submersion in ice‐cold waterLundström A, Karlsson M, Rydberg A, et al.. Physiological Reports.PMID 40624837
Dataset · 2025Tapaturmiin ja väkivaltaan kuolleet tilaston peruskuolemansyyn (ulkoisten syiden luokitus), iän ja sukupuolen mukaan, päihtyneet erikseen, 1998-2024Statistics Finland. Statistics Finland.
Cross-sectional study · 2025Association between before-bedtime hot-tub bathing and sleep quality in real-life settings among community-dwelling older adultsTai Y, Obayashi K, Yamagami Y, et al.. Sleep Health.PMID 40803898
Cross-sectional study · 2024Investigation of skincare habits and possible rosacea triggers of patients with rosacea: A prospective case–control studyGuder H. Northern Clinics of Istanbul.PMID 38357320
Cohort study · 2023Frequent sauna bathing may reduce chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk: A prospective studyKunutsor SK, Laukkanen JA. European Journal of Clinical Investigation.PMID 36541049
Cohort study · 2023The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort StudyLaukkanen JA, Jae S, Kauhanen J, et al.. The Journal of nutrition, health and aging.PMID 37248758
Cross-sectional study · 2022Risk factors for systemic reactions in typical cold urticaria: Results from the COLD‐CE studyBizjak M, Košnik M, Dinevski D, et al.. Allergy.PMID 34862605
Cohort study · 2022Inflammation, sauna bathing, and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older Finnish men: a cohort studyKunutsor SK, Jae SY, Kurl S, et al.. European Journal of Epidemiology.PMID 36255556
Cohort study · 2022Attenuated Risk of Pneumonia Due to Inflammation by Frequent Sauna BathsKunutsor SK, Jae SY, Laukkanen JA. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention.PMID 33797457
Cohort study · 2022Frequent sauna bathing offsets the increased risk of death due to low socioeconomic status: A prospective cohort study of middle-aged and older menKunutsor SK, Jae SY, Laukkanen JA. Experimental Gerontology.PMID 35908583
Cohort study · 2022Male personal heat exposures and fecundability: A preconception cohort studyMcKinnon CJ, Joglekar DJ, Hatch EE, et al.. Andrology.PMID 35924639
Cohort study · 2021Habitual cold-water swimming and upper respiratory tract infectionCollier N, Lomax M, Harper M, et al.. Rhinology journal.PMID 34428265
Dataset · 2021The water incident database (WAID) 2012 to 2019: a systematic evaluation of the documenting of UK drowningsHills SP, Hobbs M, Tipton MJ, et al.. BMC Public Health.PMID 34579685
Cohort study · 2021High fitness levels, frequent sauna bathing and risk of pneumonia in a cohort study: Are there potential implications for COVID‐19?Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JA. European Journal of Clinical Investigation.PMID 33426640
Cross-sectional study · 2021Altered brown fat thermoregulation and enhanced cold-induced thermogenesis in young, healthy, winter-swimming menSøberg S, Löfgren J, Philipsen FE, et al.. Cell Reports Medicine.PMID 34755128
Cohort study · 2020Does sauna bathing protect against dementia?Knekt P, Järvinen R, Rissanen H, et al.. Preventive Medicine Reports.PMID 33088678
Cohort study · 2020Habitual tub bathing and risks of incident coronary heart disease and strokeUkai T, Iso H, Yamagishi K, et al.. Heart.PMID 32209614
Cross-sectional study · 2019A hot topic for health: Results of the Global Sauna SurveyHussain JN, Greaves RF, Cohen MM. Complementary Therapies in Medicine.PMID 31126560
Cohort study · 2019Finnish sauna bathing does not increase or decrease the risk of cancer in men: A prospective cohort studyLaukkanen JA, Mäkikallio TH, Khan H, et al.. European Journal of Cancer.PMID 31590079
Cross-sectional study · 2019Clinical and epidemiologic features of melasma: a multicentric cross‐sectional study from IndiaSarkar R, Jagadeesan S, Basavapura Madegowda S, et al.. International Journal of Dermatology.PMID 31187480
Cross-sectional study · 2018Habitual hot water bathing protects cardiovascular function in middle-aged to elderly Japanese subjectsKohara K, Tabara Y, Ochi M, et al.. Scientific Reports.PMID 29930309
Cohort study · 2018Joint associations of sauna bathing and cardiorespiratory fitness on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risk: a long-term prospective cohort studyKunutsor SK, Khan H, Laukkanen T, et al.. Annals of Medicine.PMID 28972808
Cohort study · 2018Sauna bathing reduces the risk of stroke in Finnish men and womenKunutsor SK, Khan H, Zaccardi F, et al.. Neurology.PMID 29720543
Cohort study · 2018Longitudinal associations of sauna bathing with inflammation and oxidative stress: the KIHD prospective cohort studyKunutsor SK, Laukkanen T, Laukkanen JA. Annals of Medicine.PMID 29897261
Cross-sectional study · 2018Sauna bathing and systemic inflammationLaukkanen JA, Laukkanen T. European Journal of Epidemiology.PMID 29209938
Cohort study · 2018Combined Effect of Sauna Bathing and Cardiorespiratory Fitness on the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Deaths in Caucasian Men: A Long-term Prospective Cohort StudyLaukkanen JA, Laukkanen T, Khan H, et al.. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases.PMID 29551418
Cohort study · 2018Sauna bathing is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality and improves risk prediction in men and women: a prospective cohort studyLaukkanen T, Kunutsor SK, Khan H, et al.. BMC Medicine.PMID 30486813
Cohort study · 2018Sauna Bathing and Risk of Psychotic Disorders: A Prospective Cohort StudyLaukkanen T, Laukkanen JA, Kunutsor SK. Medical Principles and Practice.PMID 30173212
Cross-sectional study · 2018Sauna bathing, health, and quality of life among octogenarian men: the Helsinki Businessmen StudyStrandberg TE, Strandberg A, Pitkälä K, et al.. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.PMID 29188579
Cohort study · 2017Frequent sauna bathing may reduce the risk of pneumonia in middle-aged Caucasian men: The KIHD prospective cohort studyKunutsor SK, Laukkanen T, Laukkanen JA. Respiratory Medicine.PMID 29229091
Cohort study · 2017Sauna bathing reduces the risk of respiratory diseases: a long-term prospective cohort studyKunutsor SK, Laukkanen T, Laukkanen JA. European Journal of Epidemiology.PMID 28905164
Cohort study · 2017Sauna bathing is inversely associated with dementia and Alzheimer's disease in middle-aged Finnish menLaukkanen T, Kunutsor S, Kauhanen J, et al.. Age and Ageing.PMID 27932366
Cohort study · 2017Sauna Bathing and Incident Hypertension: A Prospective Cohort StudyZaccardi F, Laukkanen T, Willeit P, et al.. American Journal of Hypertension.PMID 28633297
Cohort study · 2015Association Between Sauna Bathing and Fatal Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality EventsLaukkanen T, Khan H, Zaccardi F, et al.. JAMA Internal Medicine.PMID 25705824
Cross-sectional study · 2015A Preliminary Study of Biomonitoring for Bisphenol-A in Human SweatPorucznik CA, Cox KJ, Wilkins DG, et al.. Journal of Analytical Toxicology.PMID 26013102
Cross-sectional study · 2013Biomonitoring and Elimination of Perfluorinated Compounds and Polychlorinated Biphenyls through Perspiration: Blood, Urine, and Sweat StudyGenuis SJ, Beesoon S, Birkholz D. ISRN Toxicology.PMID 24083032
Cross-sectional study · 2012Human Excretion of Bisphenol A: Blood, Urine, and Sweat (BUS) StudyGenuis SJ, Beesoon S, Birkholz D, et al.. Journal of Environmental and Public Health.PMID 22253637
Cross-sectional study · 2011Blood, Urine, and Sweat (BUS) Study: Monitoring and Elimination of Bioaccumulated Toxic ElementsGenuis SJ, Birkholz D, Rodushkin I, et al.. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.PMID 21057782
Dataset · 2011Sauna ja pakkanen ovat vaarallisia päihtyneille [Sauna and frost are dangerous for the intoxicated]Korpi H. Statistics Finland (Hyvinvointikatsaus 2/2011).
Dataset · 2011Daily intake of bisphenol A and potential sources of exposure: 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination SurveyLaKind JS, Naiman DQ. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology.PMID 20237498
Cohort study · 2003Hot Tub Use during Pregnancy and the Risk of MiscarriageLi DK. American Journal of Epidemiology.PMID 14607798
Cohort study · 2001Effect of Regular Winter Swimming on the Activity of the Sympathoadrenal System Before and After a Single Cold Water ImmersionHuttunen P, Rintamäki H, Hirvonen J. International Journal of Circumpolar Health.PMID 11590880
Cross-sectional study · 1993[Scrotal temperature in 258 healthy men, randomly selected from a population of men aged 18 to 23 years old. Statistical analysis, epidemiologic observations, and measurement of the testicular diameters]Valeri A, Mianné D, Merouze F, et al.. Progres en urologie : journal de l'Association francaise d'urologie et de la Societe francaise d'urologie.PMID 8369823
Cohort study · 1992Maternal Heat Exposure and Neural Tube DefectsMilunsky A. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association.PMID 1640616
Cohort study · 1991Maternal hyperthermia during pregnancy and cardiovascular malformations in the offspringTikkanen J, Heinonen O. European Journal of Epidemiology.PMID 1783056
Cohort study · 1985Sauna, dust and migration as risk factors in lung cancer among smoking and non‐smoking males in FinlandTenkanen L, Hakulinen T, Hakama M, et al.. International Journal of Cancer.PMID 3997283
Cohort study · 1982Sauna and congenital defectsSaxén L, Holmberg PC, Nurminen M, et al.. Teratology.PMID 7112434

Case reports describe single patients14

Case series · 2023Effect of water filtration infrared-A (wIRA) sauna on inorganic ions excreted through sweat from the human bodyCho KH, Jung SH, Choi MS, et al.. Environmental Science and Pollution Research.PMID 36207634
Case series · 2023Causes and characteristics of unexpected sudden cardiac death in octogenarians/nonagenariansPuolitaival E, Vähätalo J, Holmström L, et al.. PLOS ONE.PMID 37079646
Case report · 2018Open water swimming as a treatment for major depressive disordervan Tulleken C, Tipton M, Massey H, et al.. BMJ Case Reports.PMID 30131418
Case series · 2018Characteristics of sauna deaths in Korea in relation to different blood alcohol concentrationsYang KM, Lee BW, Oh J, et al.. Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology.PMID 29926439
Case series · 2017Extreme Rapid Weight Loss and Rapid Weight Gain Observed in UK Mixed Martial Arts Athletes Preparing for CompetitionMatthews JJ, Nicholas C. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism.PMID 27710145
Case report · 2010Laptop Computer–Induced Erythema ab Igne in a Child and Review of the LiteratureArnold AW, Itin PH. Pediatrics.PMID 20921068
Case report · 2009Erythema ab igne following Sauna belt use for abdominal obesity and celluliteRadmanesh M. International Journal of Dermatology.PMID 19126061
Case series · 2008Death in Sauna*Kenttämies A, Karkola K. Journal of Forensic Sciences.PMID 18471223
Case series · 2008Efficacy of Waon Therapy for FibromyalgiaMatsushita K, Masuda A, Tei C. Internal Medicine.PMID 18703857
Case series · 2008Sauna Deaths in Sweden, 1992–2003Rodhe A, Eriksson A. American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology.PMID 19749613
Case series · 2003Anaesthesiological experiences with whole body hyperthermiaKerner T, Hildebrandt B, Ahlers O, et al.. International Journal of Hyperthermia.PMID 12519707
Case series · 2002Sauna-related burns: a review of 154 cases treated in Kuopio University Hospital Burn Center 1994–2000Papp A. Burns.PMID 11834331
Case series · 1999Hot-Tub Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes MellitusHooper PL. New England Journal of Medicine.PMID 10498473
Case series · 1998Hyperthermia and dehydration-related deaths associated with intentional rapid weight loss in three collegiate wrestlers--North Carolina, Wisconsin, and Michigan, November-December 1997Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.PMID 9480411

Animal and cell studies test a mechanism2

Cell study · 2020Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditionsChin AWH, Chu JTS, Perera MRA, et al.. The Lancet Microbe.PMID 32835322
Animal study · 2000Heat stress attenuates skeletal muscle atrophy in hindlimb-unweighted ratsNaito H, Powers SK, Demirel HA, et al.. Journal of Applied Physiology.PMID 10642402

Reviews and guidance sum up the field57

Review · 2026The physiology of survival: Breath‐hold shallow‐water divingBaker AH, Jones A, Mayhew A, et al.. Experimental Physiology.
Review · 2026Is cold exposure a viable lifestyle intervention for mental health? Reviewing evidence and mechanismsBrowning L, Fabiano N, Luu B, et al.. Molecular Psychiatry.PMID 42744977
Review · 2026Catecholamine metabolism revisited: from neurochemistry to integrative physiology and pathophysiologyGoldstein DS, Eisenhofer G. Physiological Reviews.PMID 42359916
Review · 2026Testosterone-Optimizing Strategies in AthletesLazarev A, Pujalte GG, Philibert C, et al.. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach.PMID 41630126
Review · 2026Effects of Bathtub Bathing and Sauna Practices on Cardiovascular and Systemic Health: A Narrative ReviewNagai M, Tanaka A. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.PMID 41899724
Guidance · 2026Factors That May Trigger Rosacea Flare-UpsNational Rosacea Society. National Rosacea Society.
Review · 2026‘From lab to lifesaving’: the evolution of a public health campaign to reduce drowningsTipton M, Barwood M, Eglin C, et al.. Injury Prevention.PMID 41443990
Guidance · 2025Getting Active to Control High Blood PressureAmerican Heart Association. American Heart Association.
Guidance · 2025International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrition and weight cut strategies for mixed martial arts and other combat sportsRicci AA, Evans C, Stull C, et al.. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition.PMID 40059405
Review · 2024The multifaceted benefits of passive heat therapies for extending the healthspan: A comprehensive review with a focus on Finnish saunaLaukkanen JA, Kunutsor SK. Temperature.PMID 38577299
Review · 2024Extreme environmental physiology in the dockTipton M. Medico-Legal Journal.PMID 38420761
Guidance · 2024Sauna ja terveys [Sauna and health]Viinikka L. Lääkärikirja Duodecim, Terveyskirjasto.
Review · 2023Erythema Ab Igne: A Clinical ReviewHarview CL. Cutis.PMID 37289686
Review · 2023Does the Combination of Finnish Sauna Bathing and Other Lifestyle Factors Confer Additional Health Benefits? A Review of the EvidenceKunutsor SK, Laukkanen JA. Mayo Clinic Proceedings.PMID 37270272
Review · 2023Popularity of infrared saunas and potential dermatologic risks: A Google Trends analysisPan S, Gallo Marin B, Ragi SD, et al.. Clinics in Dermatology.PMID 37838356
Review · 2022Health effects of voluntary exposure to cold water – a continuing subject of debateEspeland D, de Weerd L, Mercer JB. International Journal of Circumpolar Health.PMID 36137565
Guidance · 2022Is it safe to use a sauna or jacuzzi if I'm pregnant? (Common health questions)NHS. NHS.
Review · 2021Finnish sauna and COVID-19Kunutsor SK, Lavie CJ, Laukkanen J. Le infezioni in medicina.PMID 33664187
Review · 2021Sauna use as a lifestyle practice to extend healthspanPatrick RP, Johnson TL. Experimental Gerontology.PMID 34363927
Guidance · 2020Physical Activity and Exercise During Pregnancy and the Postpartum PeriodAmerican College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Committee on Obstetric Practice. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Committee on Obstetric Practice.
Hypothesis paper · 2020Turning up the heat on COVID-19: heat as a therapeutic interventionCohen M. F1000Research.PMID 32742639
Review · 2020Endocrine effects of sauna bathHuhtaniemi IT, Laukkanen JA. Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research.
Review · 2020Cold Water Swimming—Benefits and Risks: A Narrative ReviewKnechtle B, Waśkiewicz Z, Sousa CV, et al.. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.PMID 33276648
Review · 2019Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human healthBaker LB. Temperature.PMID 31608304
Review · 2019Reader response: Sauna bathing reduces the risk of stroke in Finnish men and women: A prospective cohort studyDippel DW, Fransen PS, Ikram MK. Neurology.PMID 30665915
Review · 2019Author response: Sauna bathing reduces the risk of stroke in Finnish men and women: A prospective cohort studyKunutsor SK, Laukkanen T, Laukkanen JA. Neurology.PMID 30665916
Review · 2019Whole-body hyperthermia in combination with systemic therapy in advanced solid malignanciesLassche G, Crezee J, Van Herpen C. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology.PMID 31112883
Review · 2019Is sauna bathing protective of sudden cardiac death? A review of the evidenceLaukkanen JA, Kunutsor SK. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases.PMID 31102597
Review · 2019Winter Swimming: Body Hardening and Cardiorespiratory Protection Via Sustainable AcclimationManolis AS, Manolis SA, Manolis AA, et al.. Current Sports Medicine Reports.PMID 31702722
Review · 2019Reader response: Sauna bathing reduces the risk of stroke in Finnish men and women: A prospective cohort studyYu Y, Guo WT, Yan XL, et al.. Neurology.PMID 30665914
Review · 2018Viral Upper Respiratory InfectionBarrett B. Integrative Medicine.
Review · 2018Can POPs be substantially popped out through sweat?Imbeault P, Ravanelli N, Chevrier J. Environment International.PMID 29197670
Review · 2018Cardiovascular and Other Health Benefits of Sauna Bathing: A Review of the EvidenceLaukkanen JA, Laukkanen T, Kunutsor SK. Mayo Clinic Proceedings.PMID 30077204
Review · 2017Cold water immersion: kill or cure?Tipton MJ, Collier N, Massey H, et al.. Experimental Physiology.PMID 28833689
Review · 2016Infrared and skin: Friend or foeBarolet D, Christiaens F, Hamblin MR. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology.PMID 26745730
Review · 2015Human Cardiovascular Responses to Passive Heat StressCrandall CG, Wilson TE. Comprehensive Physiology.PMID 25589263
Review · 2015The link between sauna bathing and mortality may be noncausalEpstein Y, Shoenfeld Y. JAMA Internal Medicine.PMID 26436739
Review · 2015The link between sauna bathing and mortality may be noncausalKivimäki M, Virtanen M, Ferrie JE. JAMA Internal Medicine.PMID 26436738
Review · 2015Health Benefits of Sauna BathingRedberg RF. JAMA Internal Medicine.PMID 25706401
Review · 2013Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) in skin: stimulating, healing, restoringAvci P, Gupta A, Sadasivam M, et al.. Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery.PMID 24049929
Review · 2012‘Autonomic conflict’: a different way to die during cold water immersion?Shattock MJ, Tipton MJ. The Journal of Physiology.PMID 22547634
Review · 2012Far infrared radiation (FIR): Its biological effects and medical applicationsVatansever F, Hamblin MR. Photonics & Lasers in Medicine.PMID 23833705
Hypothesis paper · 2008Adapted cold shower as a potential treatment for depressionShevchuk NA. Medical Hypotheses.PMID 17993252
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The claims appeared in these places68

News report · 2026Cold Plunges Spike Dopamine Up to 500x and Rewire Your BrainAgate S. Kansas City Star, syndicated on Yahoo Health.
Web page · 2026An intriguing case of “exceptional resilience” against dementiaAttia P. peterattiamd.com.
News report · 2026Science is pushing back on the hype over cold plungesAustin D. National Geographic.
Brand page · 2026Radiant Heat TherapyBorealis Massage Therapy. Borealis Massage Therapy.
Web page · 2026Cold Water Therapy ProtocolBrecka G. The Ultimate Human.
Regulator · 2026Anwendungen von Infrarot-Strahlung in Medizin und Wellness [Applications of infrared radiation in medicine and wellness]Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz. German Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS).
Podcast · 2026Cold Plunges and Deliberate Cooling (topic page)Huberman Lab. Huberman Lab.
Podcast · 2026Sauna and Heat Exposure (topic page)Huberman Lab. Huberman Lab.
Brand page · 2026MiHIGH Infrared Sauna Blanket (product page)MiHigh. MiHigh.
Podcast · 2026Sauna (topic page, updated Aug 10, 2026)Patrick RP. FoundMyFitness.
News report · 2026Could saunas and ice baths affect male fertility? Here’s what the evidence saysSmith H, Goodhew C. The Conversation.
Web page · 2026What Is the Søberg Principle?Søberg Institute. Søberg Institute journal.
News report · 2025Ice baths are booming in popularity – but they come with health risksCornell S, Tipton M. The Conversation.
Web page · 2025Is sauna worth the hype?Johnson B. Blueprint blog (Wayback Machine capture).
Brand page · 2025Autoimmune Disease ReliefWim Hof Method. Wim Hof Method.
Brand page · 2025What Are The Benefits Of The Wim Hof Method?Wim Hof Method. Wim Hof Method.
Brand page · 2025Discover The Science Behind The Wim Hof MethodWim Hof Method. Wim Hof Method.
News report · 2025Sauna voi olla vaarallinen paikkaYle News. Yle News.
Web page · 2024Sauna blanket weight-loss video (TikTok Shop post)@jitmasters. TikTok.
Brand page · 2024Does an Infrared Sauna Burn Calories?: Facts and MythsCrunch Fitness. Crunch Fitness blog.
News report · 2024Mark Wahlberg, Hugh Jackman chase fountain of youth with popular longevity trendsFox News. Fox News.
News report · 2024Saunas Are the Next Frontier in Fighting DepressionLevy MG. Wired.
Web page · 2024Sauna bathing and cognitive functions in Eastern Finnish men: a prospective cohort studyRahinduwa BK. Rahinduwa BK.
Web page · 2023How Saunas Became the Hottest Wellness Trend of 2023Connor L. Form (Inform blog).
News report · 2023The brain scan that proves cold water really IS good for youDaily Mail. Daily Mail.
Podcast · 2023Dr. Susanna Søberg: How to Use Cold & Heat Exposure to Improve Your HealthHuberman A, Søberg S. Huberman Lab podcast.
News report · 2023Do cold plunges have benefits for physical and mental health? What to knowKee C. TODAY.
News report · 2023TikTok’s latest hangover hack has users dunking their faces in ice waterPenley T. Fox News.
News report · 2023Ice baths are hot on social media. Here’s how they affect your bodyTanner L. Associated Press, via PBS NewsHour.
News report · 2023Cure or killer? The rewards – and very real risks – of the cold water plungeTapper J. The Observer (The Guardian).
Podcast · 2022AMA #42: Optimizing sleep (bedtime routine, molecule regimen, sleep trackers, sauna and more)Attia P. The Peter Attia Drive, show notes.
Web page · 2022Neuroscientist: 'Cold Showers increase Your Dopamine by 250%'Brain Mindset. YouTube.
Podcast · 2022Using Deliberate Cold Exposure for Health and Performance (episode 66)Huberman A. Huberman Lab podcast.
Podcast · 2022The Science & Health Benefits of Deliberate Heat Exposure (episode 69)Huberman A. Huberman Lab podcast.
Podcast · 2022Dr. Rhonda Patrick: Micronutrients for Health & LongevityHuberman A, Patrick RP. Huberman Lab podcast.
Podcast · 2022The Science & Use of Cold Exposure for Health & PerformanceHuberman Lab. Huberman Lab Neural Network newsletter.
Podcast · 2022Deliberate Heat Exposure Protocols for Health & PerformanceHuberman Lab. Huberman Lab Neural Network newsletter.
Podcast · 2022Exercise, Heat, Cold & Other Stressors for Longevity (episode 3, show notes)Sinclair D. Lifespan with Dr. David Sinclair podcast.
Regulator · 2022Warning letter to Living Foods LLC (622648), July 5, 2022US Food and Drug Administration. US Food and Drug Administration.
News report · 2021Want to lose weight this winter? Going wild swimming in cold seas, lakes and rivers could help, study findsAllen V. Daily Mail.
Web page · 2021Benefits of Sauna: The Latest Science Of SweatingGreenfield B. Ben Greenfield Life.
Web page · 2021Sydänsairaus ja saunaTerveyskylä. Terveyskylä.
News report · 2019The exercise “recovery” industry is largely bogusBelluz J. Vox.
Regulator · 2019Information Update: Infrared saunas not authorized to treat any medical conditionsHealth Canada. Health Canada, Recalls and safety alerts.
Podcast · 2019#048 Sauna Use as an Exercise Mimetic for Heart and HealthspanPatrick RP. FoundMyFitness podcast.
News report · 2018More than relaxation? Saunas may be linked to lower stroke riskAmerican Academy of Neurology. EurekAlert! (archived).
News report · 2018Why a daily sauna could cut your risk of STROKE by as much as 61%: Study finds relaxing in high temperatures can reduce blood pressureDaily Mail. Daily Mail.
News report · 2017Sauna health benefits: Regular hot room sessions could slash pneumonia riskDaily Express. Daily Express.
News report · 2017Want to lower your blood pressure? Go to a saunaDaily Mail. Daily Mail.
News report · 2017Frequent sauna bathing keeps blood pressure in checkUniversity of Eastern Finland. University of Eastern Finland press release (archived).
News report · 2016Can daily saunas reduce the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's? Finnish study finds elderly men are 66% less likely to be diagnosed if they take hot treatments frequentlyDaily Mail. Daily Mail.
News report · 2016Working up a sweat in the sauna 'lowers your risk of Alzheimer's disease'The Sun. The Sun.
News report · 2016Frequent sauna bathing protects men against dementiaUniversity of Eastern Finland. University of Eastern Finland press release (archived).
News report · 2015Saunas help you live longer, study findsAssociated Press. The Guardian.
News report · 2015How regular SAUNAS could save your life: Getting sweaty even once a week halves the risk of dying from heart diseaseHope J. Daily Mail.
News report · 2015Study Links Sauna Use to Better Health – In FinlandHusten L. CardioExchange, NEJM Journal Watch.
News report · 2015Sauna use associated with reduced risk of cardiac, all-cause mortalityJAMA Network. JAMA Network press release, reposted by ScienceDaily.
News report · 2015Sauna use linked to longer life, fewer fatal heart problemsMerz B. Harvard Health Blog.
News report · 2015Live longer by sweating it out in the saunaMorgan T. Daily Express.
News report · 2015Finnish saunas associated with living longer, say researchersPerry S. MinnPost.
News report · 2015Finnish study: Saunas protect against fatal coronary problemsRosen Y. Anchorage Daily News.
News report · 2015Frequent sauna use protects men against cardiac deathUniversity of Eastern Finland. University of Eastern Finland press release (archived).
News report · 2015The Strange Connection Between Saunas and LongevityWorland J. Time.
Web page · 2014Are Saunas the Next Big Performance-Enhancing “Drug”? (guest post)Patrick RP. The Blog of Author Tim Ferriss.
Regulator · 2009FDA Warning Letter to Chi Machine InternationalUS Food and Drug Administration. Quackwatch (copy of the FDA letter).
News report · 2007Study pours cold water on theory that ice aids recoveryThe Guardian. The Guardian.
Web page · 2006Infrared sauna (US Patent 7,120,353 B2, filed 2002)Schaeffer BC, Schaeffer J, Schaeffer W. Google Patents.
Brand page · 1998Health Mate Sauna home pageHealth Mate. healthmatesauna.com (Wayback Machine capture).